ENGLISH LANGUAGE FORM FOUR ALL TOPICS
for any question or suggestion contact Teacher Rajabu Rashidi Mpella 0759146185
Topic 1: EXPRESSING
ONESELF
OBJECTIVES:
- By the end of this chapter you
should be able to.
1. Express your feelings, ideas,
opinions, views and emotions comfortably. 2. Defend your position in an
argument.
SECTION 1: EXPRESSING ONE’S
FEELINGS
People feel differently because of
various reasons. For example, if one has lost his/her parent, he will feel very
grieved (sad); but if one has won a lottery, he will feel excited and happy.
Note:
1. When you say: “I feel or I am
……………………………… (Followed by and adjective like: happy, said, embarrassed,
overjoyed, etc) you are expressing a feeling.
For example:
2. If “I feel” is substituted for
“I think” then you are expressing a thought
E.g. I think you are right/ wrong
(a thought)
SECTION 2: STRUCTURE
If……… and Unless…………
The uses of If………
Listed below are examples, uses
and formation about If……… Conditionals.
A Conditional is something that
has to be fulfilled first before something else could happen.
Example: If you don’t pay school
fees you cannot write English exam (It means you must pay school fees so that
you can be allowed to write English exam)
Words used in conditional
sentences are
i. If: If the rain stops, we will
be able to work hard.
ii. Unless: Unless you work hard,
you will not pass your exam (Unless means if not)
iii. Provided that: You can come
to the party provided that you bring with you your own drinks.
iv. Incase: Incase he comes don’t
leave the door open i.e. (If he does not come, you can leave the door open)
TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(Using …………If)
Conditional sentences are usually
divided into three basic types referred to as:-
TYPE 1 = Likely
TYPE 2 = Unlikely
TYPE 3 = Rejected
Examples
TYPE 1: If she finishes work
early, she will go home
TYPE 2: If she finished work
early, she would go home.
TYPE 3: If she had finished work
early, she would have gone home
As it is seen above, the type one
use simple present tense in the dependent clause and future simple in the main
clause.
The use of type 1 Conditional
Sentence implies that these is a BIG CHANCE for conditions to be fulfilled.
TYPE1 is also called probable, likely or open.
TYPE 2
The Verb in the dependent clause
should be in the past tense and the main clause should be in the conditional
tense.
Example: If I had some money I
would lend it to you.
TYPE 2 is used where there is
unlikelihood of something to happen.
TYPE 3
We form type 3 conditionals this
way: Tense in the dependent clause is normally used with had + verb in past
participle and in the independent clause we normally use would have.
OR: If we had left at 8, we would
have been there by now.
Type 3. Conditional is purely
HYPOTHETICAL. If shows that all things are in the past and nothing can be done
at the moment. Hence type 3 is called REJECTED. The possibility here is zero
(o) since everything is in the past and already completed.
For example: If I had studied
hard, I would have passed the exam.
i.e. I didn’t study hard and
therefore I didn’t pass the exam.
UNLESS
Unless is used in negatives,
unless means the same as if …….. not. Like if,it is followed by a present
tense, a past tense or a past perfect.
- Unless is used in conditional
sentences of all types.
- Unless is negative, so do not
use another negative word in the sentence.
Examples of the uses of unless.
TYPE 1: (Unless + Present)
i. You’ll be sick unless you stop
smoking = (You will be sick of you don’t stop smoking)
ii. Unless you change your mind, I
won’t be able to help you.
TYPE 2: (Unless + Past)
i. Unless he was very tired, he
would be driving
ii. I wouldn’t wash those clothes,
Unless they were very dirty.
TYPE 3: (Unless + Past perfect)
i. I wouldn’t have cooked Ugali,
Unless you’d suggested it
ii. They would have killed him,
Unless he’d given them the car.
EXERCISE
Fill in the spaces provided with
either if or unless
i. Just let her go ………… you don’t
want to be involved in any argument.
ii. ……………She moves to another
country, it will probably be to India.
iii. Sign the document only ……………
You read it carefully.
iv. …………… They do well in the
interview; they won’t be accepted in the Bachelor Degree Programme.
v. …………..We learn from our
mistakes, we may repeat them.
vi. I’ll go to the beach with you
……… It rains this weekend.
vii. …………… You buy the tickets in
advance; you won’t be able to see that concert.
viii. ……… You don’t understand the
exercise, I’ll try to help you
ix. You won’t be able to describe
the picture ……………you look it carefully.
x. …………… You change your mind, I
won’t be able to help you
Topic 2: LISTENING
FOR INFORMATION
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter you
will be able to
i. Respond appropriately to
instruction.
ii. Give effective and sensible
instructions.
iii. Listening to main ideas and
taking notes
iv. Make summaries
v. Write down what you hear
correctly
LISTENING TO INSTRUCTIONS
Skills on listening to
instructions will help you to understand exactly what you are supposed to do
either in examination or in other daily activities.
- Failure to understand exactly
what the instructions need you to do may even result into death suppose you see
a sign which reads “CROSS HERE” when lights ARE GREEN and you cross when the
lights are red and car is coming what would happen.
Listening for information from
different sources
Listening for purpose
In order to benefit from any
listening activity, you need to do two things.
i) Pay attention: Ignore all other
signals and focus on what the speaker is saying .Take note of how the voice
changes, the facial expressions, the gestures and other body movements.
ii) Have a reason: You need to
focus on specific information so that you can be able to answer the questions.
Reading
I: Reading skills: Skimming.
In your secondary school course
you are required to do a lot of reading, either for pleasure or for study.
-You should learn to read a text
within the shortest time possible, and with maximum understanding .One useful
reading skill is skimming
This involves reading text quickly
in order to pick out the main features including:-
i) The general nature and purpose
of the text.
ii) How it is organized.
iii) Key points of information and
opinion.
How to skim a book
i) Reading the cover review and
the information about the author.
ii) Read the table contents.
iii) Read through the section and
subsections heading if there are any.
iv) Read the first and last
sentence of each paragraph .They often contain the major points.
v) Read through any tables,
diagrams and other illustrations in the text.
vi) Take note of names of persons,
place and events
COMPREHENSION AND SUMMARY
Answer all the questions in this
section
Read the following passage and
carefully answer the question that follow.
Naki is 15 years old. Three months
ago she woke up in the morning feeling very tired. She could hardly walk. She
went to the toilet when she was in the toilet she started coughing blood. Naki
started crying because she knew now what was wrong with her like her mother who
had died few months earlier she had TB.
Naki’s going life had not been
early. Her father was an HIV/AIDS victim and died when she was eight years old.
There had been little money for the family to manage on. Naki had to leave
school when her mother became ill and diagnosed with TB, Naki has her younger
bother to look after as well as her grandmother life become very complicated
with Naki’s father around things might have been with different. Naki’s mother
was feeling bitter and she.
QUESTIONS
1. What is the story about? 2.
Naki’s father died when she was ............. years of age. 3. What made Naki
leave school?
SECTION B:
PATTERNS AND VOCABULARY
Answer all questions in this
section
1) Fill in the blanks with one of
the words given in the brackets
i) A mother who has last a child
becomes sad ( worried, sad)
ii) When sadiku passed exam she
becomes so excited (amuse, excited)
iii) Seeing ghost is a frightening
experience ( carrying ,frightening)
iv) Ohlso you’ve come in glad to
see (glad ,joyful)
v) John was so angry with the bus
conductor because he had no away with his change(sad, angry)
2) Complete the following
sentences by underline the correct words from the choral given
i) The new bridge was rain forced
using heavy steel (steel/ steal) bans.
ii) Everybody is sweating except
you, are poor pores (paws/pores) blocked.
iii) Had he left earlier ,he (will
have arrived /would has arrived ) in time for the meeting
iv) You cannot see (sea/see) the
HIV viruses with poor naked eyes.
v) Telling lies is a great sin
(scene/sin)
3) Supply the question tag to the
following
i) You want eight books
- Don’t you?
ii) I will come this evening
- Will wont I?
iii) We shall meet you to day
- Shouldn’t we?
4) Rewrite the following sentences
according to instruction given after sentences.
i) John scored three goals for his
team (Begin three goals)
- Three goals were scored by john
for his team
ii) He walked very had. He was
paid very little (begin Despite)
- Despite he worked hard he was
paid very little.
iii) John is intelligent. He can
pass the examination. Join using ----------enough to -------
- John is intelligent enough to
pass the examination.
iv) She reads so fast. She can
finish two books in a daddy. join using ----so -------that
- She reads so fast that she can
finish two books in daddy.
SECTION C
5) Re –arrange the following
sentences in logical sequence to make a meaningful paragraph by writing the corresponding
letter in the box provided.
A) As a national language it plays
an important role in social life education political and international
communication
B) It is used in Europe ,America ,
Australia, Asia, and Africa
C) English is an international language
D) As the second language ,it
still has some important roles to play
E) In some countries ,English is a
national language while in others it is a second language
6) Match the word in column A with
the meaning given in column B in the box provided below.
COLUMN A
i) Role
ii) Medium
iii) Public
iv) Conversing
v) To acquire
COLUMN B
a) Not private
b) To get
c) Place for meetings
d) Language used for teaching
e) To arrive at
f) Concern
g) Talking
7) A) write a short composition of
300 words on “How can we make life in rural areas enjoyable”
B) Write the composition ending
with not all that glitters is gold
C) Write a letter to the editor
The Daily News P. O. BOX 3000 Dar
es Salaam
Discuss how to minimize the issue
of pregnancy among school girls in Tanzania
D) Your mother has asked you to
take a responsibility for the evening meal for the family. This means you can
make your favorite meal. First make a list of all the ingredients you need and
explain exactly how to make the meal.
Dear Editor,
18-07-2013
Daily News,
P. O. BOX 3000,
Dar –es –salaam.
Mad/ Sir
REF: TO MINIMIZE THE ISSUE OF
PREGNANCY AMONG SCHOOL GIRLS IN TANZANIA
Refer to the heading above. Dear
Editor the issue of pregnancy among school girls in Tanzania is very big. So
should minimize that problem by providing education to the student and pupils
also parents should take care with their children by giving them their basic
needs such food, shelter, and clothes because if a children fair to get those
needs they influence them in bad behavior . If you will accept I will be
joyful.
Your Faithfull
A) Rural areas are areas enjoyable
where by people live in the village. The life of rural areas is very hard but
we can make the life to be enjoyable.
Therefore the following are the
things which can make the life of rural areas enjoyable.
By providing education should be
given having all people of the rural areas. Also there should have a material
support in the schools in order to make the people life better. So by doing
this we can make the life of rural areas to be easier or enjoyable.
Explain the participation of the
characters with evidence from the book.
Characters are the person in a
story. Also denote the belief habits of mind, moral, choice and motivation
which distinguish one functional person from another.
The following are characters and
their participation with evidence from the book PASSED LIKE A SHADOW written by
BERNAD MAPALALA.
ADYERI: is a father of Atwoki and
Abooki, He is a husband of Amoti also He is a uncle of Vicky. He was the former
head master of St. Luis high school. He becomes hopples drunkard and womanizer
after leasing his job. He was irresponsible father of the family. He resorts to
beat his wife and children on any slight provocation as a book says…………… poor
me ………. Poor me what kind of children had god blessed me…………. This shows that
Adyeri was stubborn man in the family and because of his womanizer he died with
HIV/AIDS.
AMOTI: Is a wife of Adyeri she is
a mother of Atwoki and Abooki. She was responsible mother of the family. She
protects the children against the cruel father as a book says”……………..what type
of man are you………….. You want to kill a boy …………….” Also Amoti died with
HIV/AIDS which transmitted by her husband Adyeri.
ATWOKI: He is a son of Adyeri and
Amoti. He is a brother of Abooki. He Vick’s cousin. He is educated person. He
later becomes a famous footballer by the time he is in high school. He falling
love with a girl in Kampala called Edda. Despite his awareness of AIDS as
results he becomes a victim of the disease.
VICKY : She is a cousin of Abooki
and Atwoki who get HIV/AIDS because she forced by her husband Aluganyira to go
to the witch doctor in order to find a child so she share a knife for cutting
tattoo to the witchdoctor for the coming of getting a child as a book says………..
The witch doctor make prides on Vicky’s stomach and tattoo………….. Through this
Vicky died because of HIV/AIDS.
ABOOKI: Is Amoti and Adyeri
daughter she is therefore, the sister of Atwoki. She is a kindness girl she is
the one care her father, mother and brother when their sick. She unexpectedly
false prey to the hypocrite boy called John who breaks her virginity without
her concert. She only one who left in her family as a book says “………….. A whole
family died with HIV/AIDS ……. Only one member left (Abooki) ……. “ father more
,we see how close Abooki was close to acquire the HIV/ virus because of ever-
trusting her friend, John ,who was a product of poor upbringing from the rich
family as he drugs Abooki drink and later on got her to the bed unwillingly.
Due to all above is the
participation of the character with the evidences from the book PASSED LIKE A
SHADOW.
Kunihira Tusime Alganyira David
Explain the participation of the
characters with evidence from the book of UNANSWERED CRIES.
Characters: Is the person in a
story. Also denote the beliefs habits of mind, moral, choice and motivation
which distinguish one frictional person from another.
The following are characters and
their participation with evidence from the book UNANSWERED CRIES written by
OSMAN CONTEH.
Olabisi: She is a main character.
Makalay and Ade’s daughter, She is fourteen years old. She is educated girl,
Oyah step daughter. She sex several time, Eddy’s girlfriend. She brought
Makalay to the court. She ran from circumcised. She is uncircumcised person. As
a book says “…………………… you are a Gborka……………………….. Uncircumcised! ……………….”
Makalay provoked to her daughter Olabisi. This shown that how character
participation from the book unanswered cries.
Makalay: Mother of Olabisi.
Dauda’s wife, she is circumcised person, Traditionalist, school teacher, she is
get birth with Ade, she brought to the court, harsh mother. As a book says”……………Makalay
grabbed the Olabisi’s left ear and twisted it ……. Harsh like a driver Twisting
the ignition key of a stubborn car………………..” Through this Makalay show that is
not a good mother because she is the one who forced Olabisi to be circumcised.
Oyah: She is Olabisi aunt also she
is kindness, she is the one who going against circumcised since she is
circumcised. She is a lawyer; she is a friend of Ade but the end Oyah get
marriage to Ade. As a book says “………… if your father marries me ….. Do you
think I will be a good mother to you?………” So that Oyah is a good mother to
Olabisi.
Eddy: Boy friend of Olabisi, He is
educated man. He had sex two times with Olabisi.
Dauda: Makalay’s husband, He runs
to follow Olabisi. He is step father of Olabisi.
1) Change the following friend
later into invitation card
Mipigi Magohe S S, P. O. BOX 12,
Dar-eSsalaam. 20-11-2013
Dear John
It is my hope that you’re fine and
continuing well with your daily activities
The purpose of writing to you is
just to welcome you to my wedding ceremony of my beloved son Alex that will be
done on 23/11/2013 at Mbezi inn Hall from 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm
You’re warmly welcome.
Note: If you want come contact Mr.
Zayumba
No 0755 111213
Yours
Shemhilu shemdoe
2) From question NO. 1 write a
card to request that you will not attend the ceremony
3) Write briefly the different
between poem and poetry from the other literal gender
INVITATION CARD
Dear Mr. Shemhilu Shemdoe.
I appreciate the honor and respect
of being invited to join in your part of your son Alex Semhilu Shemdoe.
But I want to inform you that on
that day I will not be in Dar es Salaam because on 22/11/2013, I will go to
visit my parents in Kenya then I will be able to attend on that wedding.
I wish you nice day and happy
ceremony and please convey our congratulation and blessing to the bride and
groom
My best regard to you and your
family
It’s me
Mr. John
Pretend you’re suddenly asked to
attend an interview of the work you applied few days ago write and leave
written Note to inform your mother that you will be after 3hrs
Mother I have suddenly asked to
attend interview of the work that I have applied few day ago . So I would to
inform you that now I am going to attend it and I will be back after three
hours to come.
Topic 3: READING
LITERARY WORKS
INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE
Literature – is the artistic
expression of people’s ideas which reflect social realities done through the
use of language either in written or spoken.
OR
Is a product of human imagination
employing language creativity to reflect human realities.
The key terms in defining
literature includes;
. Creativeness
. Imagination
. Language
TYPES OF LITERATURE
. Oral literature
. Written literature
ORAL LITERATURE
It is normally handled from one
generation to the other through narrations, songs, poems, stories.
TYPES OF ORAL LITERATURE
LEGEND (Stories of historical
truth) -They deal with accounts of personally and events that are considered to
be so memorable and deserved to be talked again and again.
MYTHS -These are viewed as
religious stories because they explain the organ of people, customs and
tradition example gods, GCD.
FABLES -These are short stories
based on incurable lessons and main characters are animals. E.g.: hares, rat,
elephant, bears etc.
RIDDLES -These puzzling questions,
statements or description intended to make the audience use their
brain/mind.They require two people or two groups to be operated.
PROVERBS -These are short well
known saying that states a general truth or give advice.They are most widely
respected genres of African oral literature.
WRITTEN LITERATURE
Is a type of literature through
writings.
Types of written literature
i. Novels ii. Plays and short
stories iii. Poetry
NOVEL
Is a book written under serious
imagination of a certain issue reflecting social realities.The writer creates
imagination through characters, themes, symbols etc.
PLAY
Is the literary work which is
written in form of conversation or dialogue.The play writer uses actors and
actress to convey messages.
POETRY
Poetry refers to the imaginative
expression of strong feelings about a certain issue/ topic under
consideration.eg. The wonderful surgeon.
FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE
-To educate the society
-To entertain the society
-May improve the language
PARTS OF LITERATURE
FORM
- Character
- Setting
- Plot
- Style/Technique
- Language
- Figures of speech
CONTENT
- Theme
- Message
- Conflicts
- Philosophy
- Relevance
1. FORM
A. FIGURES OF SPEECH
These are devices used in literary
works in order to add creativity in the history by using language.
They are meant to entertain,
educate and make good presentation of the work of literature.
Figures of speech includes;-
- Similes
- Metaphors
- Hyperbole
- Personification
- Proverbs
- Repetition
SIMILES
Is a device which compares two
things using conjunctions like “as” or “like”
E.g. Like father like son, as
black as coal, he is like a lion in battle.
METAPHOR
Is a literary device which
compares two things without using conjunctions.
E.g. She is a lioness, among her
people he has a heart of stone,you are a lazy rat, she looked flower beautiful
with a snow white dress.
HYPERBOLE
This is a language device which is
used to exaggerate facts beyond their realities.
E.g. He called you a thousand of
times, she cried an ocean of tears
PERSONIFICATION
Literary device which gives
ability to the inanimate.
E.g. Cats made a plan of taking over
the world
REPETITION
Is a language device which uses
the repetition of words or sentences for making emphasis on a particular point.
E.g. they attended a harsh meeting
I took large gulps of water.
PROVERBS (Refer to types of
literature)
B. SETTING
Refers to geographical location of
the story time period or daily lifestyle of the characters.
Types of settings
- Geographical
- Historical
- Social
Geographical setting
It can be in a specific country
town place
Historical setting
Refers to time when the story was
made includes background in a particular time about something the author wants
to explain about e.g. century you etc
Social setting
Includes social activities or
customs and traditions e.g. marriage
C. PLOT
-This is the serial arrangement of
events or ideas. It is the arrangement of all events in the story.
-Plot must have the beginning
middle and end.
-Plot of dramas is divided into
“acts” and “scenes”.
D. STYLE AND TECHNIQUE
Includes the following;-
Point of view
This is when a writer tells a
story
- First person pronoun point of
view
This indicates that the main
character is telling a story.
-Third personal pronoun point of
view
This directs that the narrator is
telling the story.
E. CHARACTERIZATION
-This is the method of conveying
information about characters.
-Character is a person or sometime
animals who take part in the story.
Types of characters
-Main character is the person who
plays a large part in the story.
-Minor character is the person who
helps a main character to develop the story.
. Protagonist is the main
character.
. Antagonist is the minor
character that opposes the main character.
Foreshadowing
Is a style or technique which
explains about what will happen later in the story. This encourages the reader
to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed.
Flashback
Is a style which explains about
what happened before in the story.
2. CONTENT
A. THEME -A Theme refers to the
central topic/topics which are meant to be known and taken as subjects of
learning presented by the writer to the audience.
-Themes can reflect life, reality
experience and society as a whole.
B. CONFLICTS
These are misunderstandings among
characters in the story.
Types of conflicts
. Internal conflicts
. External conflicts
Internal conflicts
This is the conflict within a
person (character).
External conflicts
Refers to misunderstanding between
or among characters. Misunderstanding between characters can be;
-Between two characters
-Group against group
-Group against person
C. MESSAGES
-These are lessons and teachings
we get in the story.
-These lessons are mostly obtained
from themes.
ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
TITLE: UN ANSWERED CRIES
AUTHOR: OSMAN CONTEH
SETTING: SIERRA LEONE
TIME: 2002, place of publications:
Macmillan writers prize for Africa
INTRODUCTION
"Unanswered cries" is a
modern novel where by the author presenting a moving story of Olabisi who is
under pressure to be, circumcised in order to realize the reality as a woman
As we reflect the message
delivered to us by the author, substantial questions before us are:
a) What exactly before us are?
b) Is the process safe?
c) What are the effects to those
who undergo the experience of the knife?
d) What are the struggles against
the art?
COVER OF THE BOOK
Question: Is the cover relevant to
the story?
Answer: Yes, the cover is relevant
to the story. It portrays the cultural dressing of the women in Sierra Leone
and Africa as whole. It also shows how the girl discussed in the book is
feeling by showing a fare of oppression, sadness and loss of hope.
TITLE OF THE BOOK
The title of the book is DIRECT
It makes a person want to know
more about a story of the girl who is seen on the cover, why does she look so
sad, oppressed and hopeless. These are questions that would be ringing in a
person’s head and can only be answered by flipping open the cover and read what
is within the book.
STYLES AND TECHNIQUES USED
The style used by the author
includes the following
i) point of view
This is when a writer tells a
story in the novel “ Unanswered cries’’ the writers used the third person point
of view to narrate the story about characters.
Example: Chapter one (page 5)
" She caught hold of the hem
of her films/ skirt".
" she sat up listening like a
dog sensing an intrudes".
ii) Flashback style
. Chapter 8, when Dr.Keroma
explained about what happened when her daughter underwent circumcision (Pg 72)
. Chapter 9, the dialogue between
Makalay and Oyah reminded Makalay about her past life (Pg 83,84)
. Chapter 1 Olabisi remembered
about circumcision of the baby boy Durusemi,’’ (Pg 13)
iii) Foreshadowing
When Olabisi imagined about what
will happen in the court
"It was as if she was trying
to read the future" Chapter 7 (Pg 51 -52)
iv) Conversation style
- Conversation between Oyah and
Olabisi (Pg 35),Salaam Sesay and Olabisi (Pg 56),Salaam Sesay and Dr. Koroma
(Pg 71) and the conversation between Oyah and Yah Posseh (Pg 76) etc
Arrangement of events
The writer arranged events into
chapters 1 – 9 whereby each chapter contains a picture which gives information
about what is in that chapter
CHARACTERIZATION
1. OLABISI
- Is the main character in the
novel.
- She is against bad cultural
practices (circumcision)
- She is courageous
- She is Eddy’s girlfriend
2. MAKALAY
- Mother of Olabisi
- She is conservative she wants
Olabisi to be circumcised
- She is a primary school teacher
- She is Dauda’s wife
- She has negative attitudes to
her husband
- She is humble and caring
3. ADE JONES
- He is Olabisi’s father and
Oyah’s husband
- He is against Female Genital
Mutilation
- He loves Olabisi
- He is Caring
4. YAH POSSEH
- Is the Digba Sowey the head of
female circumcision
- She is a witch (she believes in
superstitions) -She has two daughters
- Has two daughter (Salay and
Rugiatu)
- Feared by people
5. EDWARD COLE
- He is Olabisi’s boyfriend.
- He betrayed Olabisi.
- He taught Olabisi how to protect
herself.
6. DAUDA
- Makalay’s husband.
- Olabisi’s step father.
- He was strict in his house.
7. Dr. Asiatu Koroma
- She is professionally a doctor
- She is against female genital
mutilation
- She is responsible in her job
8. LANSANA KANU
- Is a judge.
- Is a fair and courageous.
- Is responsible.
- Is strict in his job.
9. PAH AMADU
- Hunter
- A corrupt person
10. SALAAM SESAY
- Makalay’s lawyer
- Supports female genital
mutilation
- Not civilized.
THEMES
MAIN THEMES
Female Genital Mutilation. This is
the process of cutting a clitoris part of a woman due to tribal beliefs and for
the reason of reducing sexual appetite of a woman.In the novel, Olabisi was
under pressure of being circumcised by the Bondo women and Makalay (her mother)
in order to prove that she becomes a woman but Olabisi was strong and
courageous to go against bad practice because it is an illegal and unsafe
activity. Other characters who undergone the process includes Oyah (the
lawyer), Dr Asiatu Koroma, Makalay,Yah Posseh, Rugiatu and Salay.
OTHER THEMES
1. RESPONSIBILITIES
This signifies the situation of
being accountable in life. In the novel, the following characters was very
accountable in the seminal delivering. Oyah (lawyer) was very responsible to
help Olabisi not as her step daughter.
Also Lansana Karme (the judge)
took full responsibility to judge the case. Apart from these two, also Dr
Asiatu Koroma took full responsibility as a doctor to explain the effects of
female genital mutilation.
2. LOVE
Love is a strong feeling about
somebody or anything in the reflection of respect, tolerance, trust and
acceptance. In the novel, we see love emanating in different ways.We can see
the love of daughter to mother (Olabisi and Makalay), the love of father and
daughter (Olabisis and Ade), also the love of husband and wife (Oyah and Ade
Jones).
3. POVERTY
This is the state of being unable
to obtain basic needs or inability of someone to meet the basic demands like
food, clothes and shelter. In the novel, Makalay’s kitchen in the village was
made of rusty corrugated iron sheets which could almost fall by the blow of the
wind.This can also be portrayed when Salay and Rugiatu were walking bare footed
from the well.
4. MORAL DECAY
This is the desolation of good
morals and people in the society.In the novel, moral decay is shown when
Olabisi involved herself in early sexual relationships while she was just
fourteen years of age. Also when Olabisi replied back Makalay (her mother) as
it was a peer.
5. BETRAYAL
This is the act of being disloyal
to someone who trusts you.in the novel, the situation is experienced by Makalay
when she was betrayed by Pah Amadu and he did not being Olabisi back to
Makalay, instead he helped Olabisi to reach the town. Also the betrayal of
Edward Cole to Olabisi by disclosing the secret that he had sex with her.
6. CONFLICTS
Conflict means misunderstanding
between two people. The following conflicts are found in novel :-
Conflict between Olabisi and
Makalay. The source of the conflict was female genital mutilation that is when
Makalay forced her daughters to be circumcised but the solution of this
conflict was the court whereby Olabisi won the case and she was not
circumcised.
Conflict between Olabisi and Eddy.
The same of this conflict was the betrayal when Eddy betrayed Olabisi by
disclosing the secret that he had sex with Olabisi the solution was when
Olabisi decided to break up the relationship.
Conflict between Oyah and Ade
Jones. The source of this conflict was unfaithfulness of Ade Jones and the
solution was forgiveness and marriage
Conflict between Makalay and Ade.
This conflict based on who is supposed to make decision to Olabisi about
whether she is supposed to be circumcised or not. The solution to this conflict
was the court whereby Olabisi was not circumcised.
Conflict between Olabisi, Rugiatu
and Salay: The source of the conflict was when Olabisi called"agborka"The
solution to this was Makalay and Yah Posseh decision to Olabisi that she was
supposed to be circumcised.
Conflict between Bondo women Vs
Olabisi, Oyah and Dr. Asiah
The source was female genital
mutilation but the solution was court and Olabisi won the case.
7. ILLITERACY
In the novel, Yah posseh and most
of the Bondo women were blind about the effects of women circumcision so as to
become a real woman
8. LAZINESS
This is the situation of being
unwilling to work.Olabisi was very lazy,she has many dirty clothes like pants,
jeans and a tops but she was just keeping them in her bag instead of washing
them.
9. SUPERSTITION
Yah posseh and all Bondo women
believed in superstition on beliefs like goats and ancestors, that is why
female circumcision to them is compulsory.Example, Yah posseh told Makalay that
her daughter Olabisi offended the spirits of their ancestors and gods of their
tradition and because of that she was supposed to be circumcised.Also when Yah
Posseh told Makalay that if she will obey spirits will make things difficult
for her during children (chapter 2 Pg 22).
FIGURES OF SPEECH
1. PERSONIFICATIONS
- The wind her news of an
approaching group of singer (Pg 5)
- Her hand disappeared into the
bag up to the elbow fingers searching for camera (chapter 1 Pg 7)
- The mosquitoes were having a
party on you and the noise woke me up (Pg 40).
The darkness became jumping,
threatening to take over the room again if the lamp went out (Pg 32).
The moon came out with a smile,
shading soft light around her (Pg 31).
2. REPETITION
- I……. I was just…… (Pg 28)
- Ye………. yes sir (Pg 56)
- "Gborika" – said by
Makalay many times to Olabisi for the emphasis of circumcision (Pg 11)
- Confess was also repeated to
show the emphasis that Ade wanted to know the truth that he was the father of
Olabisi or not (Pg 49)
- She is your mother……….she will
always be your mother.This emphasizing Olabisi that Makalay was her mother no
matter what (Pg 47)
3. METAPHORS
- Eddy the dog and he was making
his way towards her (pg 63)
- The Bondo tradition is mama
Africa (pg 74)
- "Death is the enemy who has
no respect for people and this privacy" said Yah posseh (Pg 79)
4. HYPERBOLES
-Each pot was big enough to boil a
cow without breaking its legs (pg 43)
-The girls folded their arms
across their chests and tried to cook as if they eat rocks everyday (pg 35)
5. PROVERBS
-" let the traitor come close
for this "(Pg 35) -" Never laugh with your enemy otherwise you might
end up friends" (pg 75) -"Do as I say but learn from me" (pg 66)
6. SIMILES
- " She sat up listening like
dog sensing an intruder" (Pg 5)
- "She scramble across the
bed on all fours like a giant crab" (pg 8)
- " Students ran in panic,
scattering from brutal police like cock roaches at the flash of the light"
(pg 12).
-"The rift – ray boys will be
after you for sexual fun like dodgers" (pg 12)
- "Salary was short and
stocky like a well fed big while Rugiatu was tall, skinny and hungry looking
like a shaved bird.
- "She was black as midnight,
with flat eyes like a snake (pg 21)
- "Olabisi began to feel like
a mouse watching a cat (pg 21)
- "The girl thrashed about
like a snake caught in a farm trap (Pg 30)
- "Rugiatu attached like a
mad dog (Pg 36)
- "From where she stood it
locked as small as a handkerchief (Pg 54)
- "Large man, as huge as
truck was sitting…. (pg 54)
LITERARY ANALYSIS
Passed Like a Shadow (NOVEL)
Author; Bernard Mapangala
Setting: Uganda 2006
Summary and themes.
Chapter I
This chapter starts with the
father who has appeared unexpectedly. He is drink. His children fear him. As
soon as he cames in, Atwoki lost his appetite. He tried to avoid his father;
unfortunately he bumped into Aboo’ki hence sending the matoke down. In this
case Atwoki encountered a classic slap. It indicated that Adyeri did not love
his children. This is poor parental care.
His children hated him, this
hatred.
The position of women has been
reflected. Amoti was seriously beaten by Adyeri. She was trying to defend
Atwoki. She cried uwii, uwii. In this regard, Amoti represents women as the
oppressed gender. However, she is brave because she spoke her mind.
Lastly we see that Adyeri did not
sleep at home that evening. He had another woman. This is betrayal.
Chapter II
This chapter is centered on Vicky.
It is portraying Vicky’s previous and current life. Poor customs are reflected
in which we see that Vicky is sent or exiled Kaitangwenda as she was seen
riding a bicycle (It is a taboo for a girl to ride a bicycle in Torro).
In this chapter, it is shown that
Vicky is an orphan. Her mother died so she had to live with Adyeri’s Family.
Conflict and hatred are reflected as Adyeri hates or dislike Vicky. She
considers her, as an additional burden to their family.
On the other side we see Vicky
coming with Akena. She introduced him as a man who wanted to marry her. Amoti
protests because she is jealousy that Vicky will get married to a man who owns
garage. Adyeri settles the matter and tell Akena to come on the other day for
arrangement of bride price.
Chapter 3
This chapter is centered on
Atwoki’s fame. He is good in football as well as academically. Atwoki is
ambitious and social. He wants to be a soldier. Other boys are also prophesying
their future.
Also we are shown the difference
between Atwoki and Abooki was quiet and meditative. Atwoki was busy, ting and
always came home exhausted.
Love and care are shown in this
chapter. Amoti did mot beat her children when they came home late, she warned
them.
Position of women is reflected
through Abooki. After school hours Abooki was response to prepare evening meal
at home. The narrator says the little girl Abooki was overworked. In this
chapter we are also introduced to uncle Araali. He likes children and
appreciates their skills. This is love and care.
Lastly we see that Adyeri is
irresponsible. This irresponsibility comes about do to the fact that Adyeri did
not leave any money. Yet he came home drink. This is also alcoholism which
leads to irresponsibility. Fortunately uncle Araali had brought bunches of
Matoke and fish. He also gave money to children purchase firewood.
Chapter 4
It is opened up with Tusiime,
Vicky and Kunchira console for having missed a husband because of a greedy
uncle. He fixed a high bride price. This is poor traditional customs.
It is also indicated that Vicky
was to send Bondibugyo to work as a tea plucker. She did not get any money from
her sweat. All her wages had been prepaid to Amoti so that, she could pay for
her childrean’s school fees. This is oppression.
Also Tusiime and Kunchira inform
Vicky that Adyeri has another woman. Tusiime says that there is too much
cheating in marriage. This is dishonesty.
Prostitution is reflected through
Tusiime who said that she could sleep with any man to make money.
Furthermore, the narrator reflects
that Tusiime and Kinchira were not good girls both had been worst product of
port Fortal secondary education. Tusiime had been a ring leader that led in the
burning of the school’s matlesses at Maria Goret Secondary school. Kunchira was
discontinued from Kyebambe Secondary School.
Influence of peer pressure is
shown on Vicky. She was abused by Tusiime and Kunchira to find boyfriend the
accepted and changed in her behavior.
Self limitation and poverty are
reflected through Adyeri could not stop Vicky from her behavior because she
brought his crates beer and cartons of hard drinks.
One day Adyeri aerated Vicky’s
jugardaddy. This led to the conflict between Vicky and Adyeri. At the end Vicky
left the house and never came back.
Chapter 5
This chapter starts with Adyeri in
the Hall of Kinyanasika Primary School. It was a parent’s day and he was
invited as a pioneer teacher of the school.
This chapter shows adyeri
suffering. He gave out heavy cagh which sent all the eyes in his direction. His
confidence was gone. His body had lost more than 20 pounds in less than a year.
He had frequent fever and vomiting. His hair had become sparse and grey. His
vibrant color gad gone. These are symptoms of HIV/AIDS.
Standard five pupils performed a
song. It started that those who die without doing something important pass like
a shadow.
This song hit Adyeri because he
spent his life carelessly. On the other hand, the flash back on Adyers previous
life is given. He was a headmaster of Sit. Led high school. He fell in love
with his secretary Biringi. This is betrayal to his wife. We are also informed
that he misused his position by squandering the school funds build a house for
Biringi in Birungi and This is corruption.
Adyeri was sacked as the
headmaster after the news leaked cot on his misconduct. He spent most of the
time drinking. (This is alcoholism) Later on, he sold a half of his inherited
land. (This indicated irresponsibility he moved completely to Biringi’s home
and financed her new shop at Muguso trading center. This is betrayal to his
family.
Oppression is reflected in this
chapter Adyeri was rarely seen at home; when Amoti complained she encountered
ritual beating.
Love, care and generosity are
reflected through Uncle Araali. He helped to pay the children’s school fees.
Effects of poor parental care are
reflected in this chapter. He built a house for her mother in Katamba.
Lastly we are shown the theme
Betrayal. Birungi betrayed Adyeri first; she rejected him when he was admitted
at the hospital. Then she chased him away when he went to her house asking for
help, and insulted him as a poor miserdlems.
CHAPTER 6
Joe met the old woman (cucu) and
Dr Ocheng introducd him to her that he saved her and brought her to hospital..
She was sitting on the bed. She
woke up and hugged him. The old woman wants to be released but Doctor Ochieng
says that they have to trace her home first. She agrees on the condition that
Joe should insist her.
Joe left and went to see Gladwell
at St Bernadette church choir in Umoja. Before Joe went to see Gladwell, we saw
on Ochieng tells Joe that HIV/ ADS victim who killed himself was pester, he
warned him that it can get anyone. He also told him that they only ways to
avoid HIV/AIDS is to remain single until he gets married or use condom.
Then, Joe arrived at St Bernadette
and saw Gladwell. Gladwell is surprised by the bond that has developed between
Joe and old cucu, as he told her that he wants to find her home and her
relatives . After the choir practice they left, and Gladwell told him that her
sister Georgina also died of HIV/AIDS.
CHAPTER 7
It starts with Joe and David.David
is discouraging Joe when he said that he is going to trace cucu home. Because
of David’s discouragement the next day he did not visit the old cucu. The day
after he wentt to see her, she was disappointed when he did not show up the
previous day. She thinks that Joe has come to collect her, But Dr Ochieng
insists that she must be discharged first.As they are talking suddenly the old
cucu mentions Kariobangi, but she forget immediately that has mentioned the
place as home. When Dr. Ochieng is told, he says the old cucu is getting back
the flashes of her memory. She is given another twenty four hours to recover
for Amnesia.
The next morning Joe received
Gladwell's all that she got a Job at the city soap industries.
An hour later, he decided to
persue the past newspaper and when he turned at the page of notices and death
announcement, he saw the picture of old cucu, below it there was a caption
which explained that she went missing and a reward of 100,000/= would be given
to whoever helps in locating her. There was also eh telephone number of her son
Johnson Njogu
CHAPTER 8
Joe ran to the receptionist and
gave mercy Mr Njogu's telephone number to dial at Njogu's house. He was given
Njogu's direct number by a girl, as Njogu was not at home.
He called Mrs Njogu and told him
that he know where his missing mother was. Njogu did not believe him. He thinks
that he was after money. He banged a phone down. Joe
Topic 4: SPEAKING
USING APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE CONTENT AND STYLE .
OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this chapter you
will be able to:
i. Respond appropriately to
instructions
ii. Give effective and sensible
instructions
iii. Listening to main ideas and
taking notes.
iv. Make summaries.
v. Write down what you hear
correctly.
SECTION 1: MAKING REQUESTS
Requests take many different forms
and may be:
i. Very polite
ii. Moderately polite(or)
iii. Not very polite (rude)
When you make a request, you want
someone to do something for you. If you get this important social interaction
wrong, you may offend your teacher, your friends, or your parents.
- Some requests show that the
person you are speaking to can choose to do as you want.
- Other ways of speaking indicate
that if the request is not followed there will be trouble.
The difference between requests
and instructions
Instruction/imperatives
–Instructions require the person receiving them to do something or to stop
doing it.
- Instructions are directly
addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of
the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is
usually You.
For Example: Everyone, be quiet!
Asha, (you) say that again
Note: The first instruction is
general, and the second instruction is just for Asha. Instructions are
grammatically the same as orders. However their use is very different.
Uses of orders
- Orders do not give the person
who receives them any choice. They should be obeyed. As a result, most people
do not like receiving orders.
- Orders are usually given to
children by their parents, pets by their owners, soldiers to soldiers, teacher
to students.
Exercise
1. Mention three orders a teacher
can give to his students 2. Mention two orders a parent (mother) can give to
her daughter
Written instructions
English people usually obey
written instructions. These are not orders and they can be quiet useful. You
often see these in writing.
- Many written advertisement are
instructions. For example lose 10kg in 2 weeks!!!
- When you buy a telephone set you
often get a booklet of instruction on how to use it. This called a manual.
EXERCISE
1. Write your own advertisement on
CAR SALE use phrases such as
- Buy this car today
Write down three more orders
i. ………………………………………………………………….
ii. ………………………………………………………………….
iii. ………………………………………………………………….
REQUESTS
Requests means asking for
something or for certain services. Requests can be in different forms.
i. Something an instruction is
changed into a request by the addition of "Please" or a question tag.
ii. To make a request more polite
we might use some auxiliary verbs in the beginning like would, could etc
iii. Very often English requests
are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if
the person is able to do it.
-Therefore modals of ability i.e
can, may etc. are very often used
Examples, “Come here, please” -
(order modified with please)
Pass the salt, would you? –(order
modified with question tag)
Can I take this seat? (Indirect
request with modal of ability)
Could I take this chair? (Polite
indirect request with modal of ability in the subjunctive)
Note: Could is more polite than
can and might is more polite than may. May/might is slightly more polite than
can/could but generally you can use either one.
- Sometime we use “I wonder
whether" to make polite requests.
To avoid embarrassing people
i. Orders are often given as
requests, even if the person receiving them must do as he is told.
ii. Indirect requests are often
questions related to what the speaker wants, but which do not directly ask for
something. Sometimes even suggestions are really strong orders and some polite
instructions are given as ordinary statements.
For example
a) “Could you call Mrs Machaku for
me, Isack?” (order as request)
b) “Would you like to open your
present, Sir?” (order as suggestion)
c) “Have fun!” (encouragement as
order)
d) “Go on! Have some more
food”(suggestion as order)
e) “Go to hell”(insult as order)
f) “Why don’t you go to
hell?”(insult as strong suggestion)
g) “Some more coffee would be
nice.” (request as statement)
h) You might consider doing it
this way (instruction as statement)
i) “Have you got any change?”
(Indirect request for many by beggars as related questions)
PLEASE
Please is a polite word often used
to change an order into a request it does this by suggesting that the person
receiving it can choose whether or not to do it?
- Please is a short way of saying
“If it pleases you”
Please come at the beginning or
the end of the request. Generally is there is a vocative (name), the vocative
comes first at the beginning or last at the end. For example.
“Ian, please come here”
“Ian, come here please”
“Come here please, Ian”
“Please come here” Ian”
“Ian, could you please?” (Very
very humble)
FORMAL REQUESTS
Formal requests are indirect or
very polite. Sometimes the meaning and the words are very different.
For example
I. “Excuse me, is this place
taken?”
Meaning: I want to sit here
II. “May be you should leave now.
Meaning: Get out
III. “Perhaps you would like to
pay now”
Meaning: Pay
People in official positions often
make polite requests when they are commands
For example.
“Would you come with us please”
“Would you like to explain why did
you come late?”
Note: The grammar used above is
the same as for offers but the meaning is completely different.
- The neutral request is perhaps
the most common. It is used with people you know casually or people you work
with. Requests are often orders moderated with please” or with question tags.
Indirect requests are more common for requests that might be refused.
For example.
“Do you want to open that window,
John?”
“Call me when you are through,
would you?”
“Can you tell me what to do here?”
EXERCISE
Change the following orders into
formal requests
1. Shut the door! 2. Don’t sleep
here! 3. Do not cry!
Answer requests and instructions.
The safety answer to an order is
“Yes” usually followed by name or title of the person giving the order
For Example: “Yes Boss!”,
“Certainly”, “By all means”, “of course” or “with pleasure”
If you are asked to pass or give
something you can say “here you are" as you give it.
For example.
“May I read that paper; if you
have finished with it?
Respond: “Yes, Please do” or
“By all means” or
“Here you are”
Formal refusal.
When you receive a formal request
or instruction it is not usual or polite to refuse directly. More usually you
give the reason for refusing and sometimes an apology or to change an order
into a discussion.
For example.
- Show me your homework.
Respond –“I ‘m sorry, I can’t find
it”
“Er………… what homework is that?”
Topic 5: WRITING
USING APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE, CONTENT AND STYLE
Composition refers to a piece of
writing on a particular topic, event or person. It can be expository,
narrative, argumentative or descriptive compositions. Composition can be
written at collage, school, and university as a part of studies or assignment
given on a particular course. In writing composition a student is supposed to
generate his/her own ideas and use them to narrate, describe, explain, argue,
or persuade a certain thing or event.
Composition involves writing
essays, letter, poems, stories, debates, speeches, dialogue, which involves a
collection of ideas that are organised a good manner /pattern on a given topic
or subject.
Things to consider when writing a
composition
Title:Start with the title, the
title should be written in capital letters. The title should be underlined if
hand written and bold if type. The title should relate with the topic or
subject given. Think of the number of words if it is given.
Put your ideas in small but
detailed paragraphs. Revise and edit your work carefully. Divide your essay
into three parts namely:
Introduction which relates to the
title i.e. defines, explains the key words from the title.
Main body: This is the main part
of the composition. Discuss your ideas in point in relation to the topic or
subject given, planned. The main ideas should precede the minor ideas. Consider
the logical arrangement of your ideas and points.
Conclusion:Under this part, you
may give suggestions, views, opinions on the topic discussed. It should reflect
the whole content discussed in your essay.
Write your essay/composition in a
good manner, tone and good grammar.
There are various types of
composition, namely:
Narrative composition/ essay.
Expository composition/ essay.
Descriptive composition/essay.
Argumentative / persuasive
composition/ essay.
Narrative Composition/Essay
These are essays that account or
give stories of events. The stories may be personal, fiction or non-fictional,
historical stories or events. Personal autobiographical stories focus on the
author’s or writers own life and historical stories reliy on past events
/happenings.
Non –fiction stories are based on
truth or true events but fictional stories depend on imagination and use of
figurative language to produce a story according to the writer or author.
Narrative essay involve telling a
story about someone or something you probably do every day in a normal
conversation. You may preset and narrate or tell your experience on a piece of
paper.
Activity 1
Imagine you are exploring a
deserted house at night when you are surprised and captured by a member of a
gang of thieves who have made the place their headquarters. You succeed in
escaping from the villain. Write a narrative story in no less than 300 words to
explain what happened.
Writing Events in the Past
Writing events in the past
Example 1
HOW KIBONGE WAS HUNTED BY TWO
WOLVES
The next morning, when I went down
to the river to fill my can, I was horrified to see a dog’s tracks that were
bigger than my fist. I turned back to my tent, made my breakfast, packed up and
get started.
But just as I was leaving I saw
two cars over a bush; it was a wolf all right. The brute shrank down out of
sight as I looked, but when I moved on it followed me, keeping under cover, and
presently I found that there were two of them walking and hunting together.
Every now and then one of them showed itself in the open and I had a shot at
it, but they were quick you’d think they saw the flash and dodged the bullet –
and I never touched them once.
After I had several shots at them
I happen to look at my belt, and I’d only one to more left. I would come but
with a heavy pack, and had cut down my ammunition to six or eight rounds to
same weight.’ No more shooting, Kibonge. ”I said you keep the rounds for
yourself’’ if they got me, I tell you I wasn’t going to turn into pieces alive.
As I went on without firing, the
wolves gradually realised that there was no danger and they got more and more
cheeky, keeping closer and closer to me and calling to one another to check up
on my movements. I had to use up one of my two last shots on them. They
followed the raft down along the sands, but eventually it drifted to the other
side of the river, and I got away. Of course the Indians said it was my own
fault for going out alone.
Exercise 1
Write an account of result of a
recent family dispute that you know about.
Express the meaning of these
phrases in your own words (a) Out and out; (b) Cut down my ammunition to six or
eight rounds; (c) Pushing off; (d) Form to pieces alive
Write a story called ‘’ Lost in
the desert’’ (about 250 words)
Write a 300 words composition
carefully paragraphed, on the subject ‘’ the best years of my life’’.
Writing Expository Compositions/Essays
Writing Factual Information on a
Topic/Subject
Write factual information on a
topic/subject
Expository essays are essays that
explain something with facts, as opposed to opinion. They may describe how to
do something, analyse events, ideas, objects, or written works. They must
contain an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs and a conclusion. The
introductory paragraph may contain the thesis statement or topic sentence that
introduces the theme of an essay.
Expository essays are most written
by college, school or university students during their test and examinations.
They need response to questions that asks the writer to explain or expose a
specific issue basing on a given topic or subject or describe a process.
Characteristics of an expository
essay
It focuses on the main topic.
It needs logical supporting facts
details, explanations and examples.
It needs strong organisation.
Clarity.
Unity and coherence of ideas.
Expository essay includes writing
letters, definitions, reports and research, instructions, newspaper articles,
magazine articles, etc.
Steps to writing an expository
essay.
Select a topic – it should not be
wide so as to make you manage to describe it.( it should be a narrow enough
topic).
Provide an introduction paragraph.
It should state the thesis of the essay.
Think how to develop your essay.
E.g. definition, listing, and explaining, classifying, process analysis, etc.
Think of organisation of the essay.
Provide topic sentence for each body paragraph that relates to the thesis
sentence; make few suggestions related to the essay. e.g. in conclusion………, all
in all……. It is now in position to say that………, etc.
Example 2
FACTS ABOUT THE LOCUST MENACE
In spite of what has recently done
to combat the threat of the locust, they remain a menace to entire food supply
of a quarter of the world. One trouble of them is they breed, the more they
eat; and the more they eat the more they breed.
A breeding area may have up to
five thousand eggs to the square yard. And a breeding area may cover up to two
hundred thousand acres.
A large swarm, migrating from one
of these breeding grounds, may number up to five hundred million and be capable
of destroying an area of two hundred square miles. The locusts are a menace to
plants therefore effective steps should be taken to destroy their breeding
places.
Exercise 2
Write an expository essay on the
causes of HIV.
Write down the duties and uses of
the police force.(about 200 words).
Write an essay on the causes of
soil erosion (250 words).
In many African countries there is
the plight of children employed in mines. Write an expository essay about the
problem in about 300 words.
Write an essay on “ The power of
water” (250 words).
Writing Descriptive
Composition/Essays
Vivid Descriptions of
People/Places/Events
Write vivid descriptions of
people/place/events
Descriptive essays are concerned
with describing objects, experience or ideas. The word descriptive comes from
the verb ‘to describe'. In order to get started on your descriptive essay, it
is important to identify exactly what you want to describe. This form relies on
creative writing.
Descriptive composition requires
the writer to express, to portray, show clearly and vividly something which one
can touch, smell, hear, feel or think to the reader. It involves giving a
detailed description about a topic, person, something, place or an incident.
Example 3
A GERMAN SAUSAGE
‘If you never try a new thing, how
can you tell what it’s like? Think of a man who first tried German sausage!
It was a great success, that Irish
stew I don’t think I never enjoyed a meal more, there was something so fresh
and piquant about it. One’s palate gets so tired of the old things; here was a
dish with a new flavour with a taste like nothing else on earth.
And it was nourishing too. As
George said, there was good stuff in it, peas and potatoes might have been a
bit softer, but we all had good teeth, so that did not matter much, and as for
gravy, it was like a poem, a little too rich, perhaps, for a week stomach, but
nutritious.
We finished up with tea and cherry
tart. Montmorency had a fight with the kettle during tea time and come off a
poor second.
Exercise 3
Write carefully paragraphed
composition of about 300 words on “trees”
Write a 300 word essay on “People
I Envy”
Write a 250 word essay composition
titled “Things I like Doing”
Write a composition on “The kind
of boy or girl that I liked at school” (250 words)
Writing Argumentative
Composition/Essay
Presenting Contrasting Views of a
Given Topic
Present contrasting views of a
given topic
Argumentative essays are written
to present on opinions which either favours or disagrees with a controversial
topic. The writer must prove his/her view point by supporting it with
convincing facts and evidences from reliable sources.
The function of argumentative
essays is to show that your assertion (theory, opinion, and hypothesis) about
some phenomena is correct or more truthful than other's.
Argumentative writing is an act of
forming reason, making inductions, giving supporting examples, drawing
conclusions and applying them to the case of discussions. It also involves a
clear explanation of the process of reasoning from the known or assumed to the
unknown and without doing this you do not have argument; you have only an
opinion or theory. It is used to convince the readers to believe in the opinion
of the writer /author of a particular material.
It aims at arguing ,convincing ,
motivating or persuading the reader to accept ,change and take the required
action or step on something, a topic or subject that might affect the society
in one way another . Example; political written speeches, on the uses of a
certain traditional medicine to treat HIV or Malaria patients which needs
convincing power with clear arguments/reasons
Argumentative composition involves
the use of contrastive words such as whereas, although, on the other hand, yet,
however, nevertheless, despite, but, meanwhile, etc.
Example 4
CORRUPTION IS RAMPANT
Corruption is a most problem in
African countries. On the other hand, it is one of the causes of poverty to the
majority citizen in most African countries. Although people are always
struggling to combat poverty but their economy is hampered by corruption which
denies them basic rights such as the right to employment.
On the contrary, the economy of
the most African countries is in the hand of the few minorities whereas the
majority is suffering from bad conditions.
Consequently, children retard due
to malnutrition caused by lack of a balance diet. However, African countries
have many minerals and forests, but these resources are not fully utilised as
are result of poor investment caused by corruption.
Furthermore, corruption has caused
lack of proper transport facilities such as roads, which is one of the factor
for speeding up development and in fact, many roads are not all weather,
meanwhile, they are used during dry seasons only. Therefore, these are the consequences
of corruption in most African countries.
Activity 2
Write on argumentative composition
on forums of child labor. (about 250 words)
Using the following contrasting
conjunctions: while…, conversely, notwithstanding, despite, whereas, and
although. Write a composition on the importance of a new constitution in
Tanzania .(300 words)
Argue for the subject “Animals,
friends, and enemies of man”. (300 words)
Creative Writing
Writing a Work of Art Using
Literary Devices and Skills
Write a work of art using literary
devices and skills
Creative writing refers to an art
which involves writing fiction or non-fiction stories with the figurative use
of language. It depends on a person’s masterly of a particular language and can
be inform of a novel or short stories, poem, and memories in our life. It
involves creating the environment or scene, plot, style, character, and proper,
language, to use in your story.
How to write creatively
Think on topic of your story.
List down the general ideas to be
included in your story.
Think of the style and vocabulary
which will complete your work.
Plan the characters in your story.
Consider the setting i.e.
environment that will be reflected in your story.
Exercise 4
Write a short story titled “ a
misfortune woman”(500 words).
Write a five stanza poem titled “
A village woman”
Writing Speeches
A Speech
Write a speech
A speech refers to a vocalised
form of human communication. It may also denote a formal presentation on a
given topic or subject. A speech may also refer to a formal faculty or act of
speaking, expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or perceptions through
the articulation of words. Speech is written first before presenting. Normally,
speech can be presented during seminar, graduation, workshop, political
campaigns, report, project presentations, religious speeches, meetings, public
meeting, ceremonies and functions.
How to write a speech
Think on the purpose of the
speech- why do you want to prepare a speech?
Think on the context and audience
whom do you want to write a speech.
Plan for the heading/ title of
your speech. The title/heading should be taken from the topic or subject given.
It should relate with the event that takes place and requires a speech.
The title/heading should be very
brief, clear and readable. It should be direct to the event/function that takes
place.
Make a good introduction, starting
with, greeting from the superior/guest of honor to the least people. Example;
Honorable Guest of Honor,…,Your Excellency……,Secretary General…..Mr.
president….., the highness…….., the majority……., etc. It will depend with the
title/position of the guest of honor during the event.
After introduction/greeting,
clarify a little bit about the event, clarify the function taking place.
The main body –concentrate on
ideas as conveyed in the question/topic given, put each idea in a new paragraph
giving examples and evidences. Observe a logical arrangement of ideas with good
grammar.
If you have a guest of honour,
address your speech to him/her, but if there is no a guest of honour and your
speaking to general audience use the words’’ ladies and gentleman “in every
beginning of a new idea.
Use appropriate vocabulary.. Do
not use contractions example; I’ll, I don’t, we’ve, I’ve, etc.Use link
words/connectors such as besides, finally, moreover, despite, on top of that,
etc.
Give your own suggestion / view
opinions on what you have discussed in your speech.
Activity 3
You are given a chance to address
the people on the topic ‘ Environmental Conservation.’
Write a speech of not more than
250 words.
Organise words in a logical order.
Revise and edit your speech.
Delivering a Speech
Deliver a speech
Delivering a speech requires some
things to take into consideration to make your argument more effective and
interesting. The following are some of these things:
Stand upright or in the place
where you can be seen by all the audience.
Look all side so as to hold your
audience.
Allow eye contact with the
audience, a glance to your speech is enough.
Avoid repetition , speak
moderately, enrich your speech by using proverbs, idioms to make it more
colourful (but this will depend with the audience)
If you feel nervous in front of
the audience, take a deep breath and put your legs apart and wait for several
minutes before continuing.
Observe the time duration so that
your speech could not bore the audience.
Avoid using offensive and
aggressive language/comments that are embarrassing to the listener/ audience.
Activity 4
Imagine you’re the one of the
political leaders campaigning for votes in an election. Prepare a speech to
give to voters. Use this point;
Increase in wages
Increase crop prices
Lower taxes
Spend more on education
Unite the people
Improvement of transport and
communication.
Writing Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Writing Oneself CV
Write his/her own CV
Curriculum vitae is a document
that lists a person's education qualifications, work experience and interests.
A curriculum vitae (CV) sometimes is required as an attachment application
letters as an advertisement for your skills. Your personal information should
keep changing in order to suit with each new job application. The Americans
call as CV ‘resume” while the British calls it Curriculum vitae (CV). There are
three (3) basic types of CV namely:
Chronological CV –put emphasis on
historical development on your career / professional.
Functional CV—emphasis on skills
and capabilities,
Combine both functional and
chronological styles (CV).
Example 5
A SAMPLE OF A CV
PERSONAL INFORMATION/ DATA:
SURNAME : NGANYAGWA
FIRST NAME : DOMINATA
MIDDLE NAME : BATISTER
DATE OF BIRTH: January 20, 1989
NATIONALITY : TANZANIAN
SEX: FEMALE
MARITAL STATUS: MARRIED
HOME ADDREES: P.O.BOX 670, IRINGA
PRESENT ADDRESS: P.O.BOX, 334,
ARUSHA
TEL. NUMBER: 0748-564451/02663
E-MAIL: Domina@gmail.com.
EDUCATION QUALIFICATION:
YEAR
INSTITUTION
AWARD
2011-2014
UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
BACHELOR DEGREE
2009-2011
MAWENI HIGH SCHOOL
ADVANCED LEVEL CERTIFICATE
2005-2008
UWELENI SECONDARY SCHOOL
ORDINARY LEVEL CERTIFICATES
2001-2007
IMAGE PRIMARY SCHOOL
PSLE CERTIFICATE
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION/ WORKING
EXPERIENCE:
2013-2014 - Tutorial Assistant –
University of Dodoma
2014-2015 - Teacher at Green Acre
Secondary School
2011-201 - Teaching Practice at
Ohio High School
2010 – Training on Computer
Literacy- Certificate.
2015 - Part time Lecturer at
Edinburgh University
PERSONAL INTEREST /HOBBIES:
Reading newspapers
Sports and games
LANGUAGE FLUENCY:
Kiswahili – excellent
English – very good
EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:
Reading novels
doing body exercise
REFEREES:
Prof. Mwala Enos,
Yalta University,
P.o.Box 641,
Japan.
Phone: +22733678933/9
Dr. Magdalena Mbozi,
TRA Headquarters,
P.o.Box.562,
Dar-es- Salaam.
Phone: 0773994576
Mwl .Maginga, F.,
P.O.BOX.663,
IRINGA,
Phone: 0761-514600
Activity 5
Imagine you want to secure a job
at Maven Tea Producers Company, write a CV which should beattached with your
letter.
Topic 6: WRITING
APPLICATON LETTER
Application letters are written
for official purposes such as job applications. These letters are sometimes
called official business or formal letters. Application letters should be
always be concise, complete, logically, planned, clearly, and politely
expressed in grammatically correct and good English or language.
Format of an application letter
An application letter regardless
of their purpose, consist of the following parts or elements:
Writer’s/ sender’s address – this
is written on top right hand corner. This part is also called a letterhead.
Date – (this is under a sender’s
address), it shows the date of the letter i.e. the day in which the letter was
written.
Reference number (= if any) on
right hand side below the date.
Receiver’s – this is written on
left hand corner /side. It consists of the name or title of the person, place
of business or any place where the letter is intended to reach.
The salutation; this is the
greeting that begins the letter. Use dear Sir/Madam if you write to someone
whose name you don’t know i.e. he or she is not known to you.
Heading; it should be very brief starting
with RE: or REF:-the heading should carry a message (theme of the letter. It
should be capital letter and underlined it if is handwritten but do not
underline if it typed, bold it.
Body /message - it contains the
message or the information of the letter. It is most important part which
requires good flow of ideas and well punctuated.
Complementary close. - It consists
of the words of respect to show the feeling of the writer of the letter towards
his/ her correspondent / receiver of the letter. It should also relate with the
salutation.
Signature of the writer.
Full name plus the name of the
company, office or firm which the writer represents, written at an extreme end
of letter. Although sometimes a company name may be written above the letter.
or any question or suggestion contact Teacher Rajabu Rashidi Mpella 0759146185
THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
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